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DIMILI

Population
Population total both countries 1,000,000 (1999 WA).
Region
East central, mainly in Elazig, Bingol, and Diyarbakir provinces, upper courses of the Euphrates, Kizilirmaq, and Murat rivers. Also spoken in Germany.
Alternate names
DIMILI, ZAZAKI, SOUTHERN ZAZA, ZÂÂ
Dialects
SIVEREKI, KORI, HAZZU (HAZO), MOTKI (MOTI), SHABAK, DUMBULI.
Classification
Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Western, Northwestern, Zaza-Gorani.
Comments
Several dialects. Closest to Hawrami. Not a Kurdish language. Not intelligible with Kurmanji. Speakers from the southeast know some Kurmanji, but others do not. Some in Germany are publishing a magazine. The speakers are called 'Zaza', and the language 'Zazaki'. 'Dimli' is used for both speakers and language. Mountain slope, plains. Agriculturalists, pastoralists: sheep, goats, cattle. Sunni Muslim, Yazdani.




KIRMANJKI


Population
140,000 in Turkey including 100,000 in 182 villages in Tunceli Province, 40,000 in 13 or more villages in Erzincan Province (1972). Population total all countries 1,500,000 possibly or more (1992).
Region
Tunceli Province, Tunceli Merkez, Hozat, Nazmiye, Pülümür, and Ovacik subprovinces; Erzincan Province, Erzincan and Cayirli subprovinces; 8 or more villages in Elazig Province, Elazig Merkez and Karakoqan subprovinces; 3 villages in Bingöl Province, Kigi and Karkiova subprovinces; 46 villages in Mush Province, Varto Subprovince; 15 or more villages in Sivas Province, Zara, Imranli, Kangal, and Divrigi subprovinces; 11 or more villages in Erzerum Province, Hinis and Tekman subprovinces; and in many major cities of Turkey. Also spoken in Austria, Denmark, France, Germany, Netherlands, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom.
Alternate names
ZAZA, NORTHERN ZAZA, ZAZAKI, ALEVICA, DIMILKI, DERSIMKI, SO-BÊ, ZONÊ MA
Dialects
TUNCELI, VARTO.
Classification
Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Western, Northwestern, Zaza-Gorani.
Comments
Closest to Dimli. 70% lexical similarity with Dimli. Turkish is used for religious ceremonies and for official purposes. Most men know some Turkish, and some know some Kurmanji. Abroad they use Turkish for religious ceremonies, wedding celebrations, and conversations with some people. All who live abroad learn the national languages to some degree and use them for communication with nationals. In Turkey Kirmanjki is used for conversations with family, friends, and neighbors. All ages, most between 20 and 50. Women over 50 in outlying villages in Tunceli Province and children under 7 are monolingual. Some Kurmanji know Kirmanjki as second language. Abroad they use Kirmanjki for close relationships. People from different ethnic groups or places call themselves 'Shar Ma', 'Sar Ma', 'Dimil' or 'Kirmandz.' SOV; pre- and postpositions; genitives, articles, adjectives' relatives after noun heads; numerals before noun heads; question word replaces content word in content questions; 2 prefixes, 2 suffixes, word order distinguishes subject, object, indirect object; noun affixes indicate case; verb affixes indicate person, number, gender; ergativity; passives; causatives; comparatives; V, VC, VCC, CV, CVC, CVCC; nontonal. Literacy rate in first language: 100 people. Literacy rate in second language: School-age children to 30 years old, Turkish. Deciduous forest. Mountain mesa, slope, valley. Pastoralists (transhumance), peasant agriculturalists. 1,000 to 3,000 meters. Alevi Muslim.



KURMANJI



Population
3,950,000 first language speakers (1980), out of 6,500,000 in the ethnic group in Turkey (1993 Johnstone). Population total all countries 7,000,000 to 8,000,000.
Region
The majority are in the provinces of Hakkari, Siirt, Mardin, Agri, Diyarbakir, Bitlis, Bingol, Van, Adiyaman, and Mus. Also many in Urfa, Elazig, Kars, Tunceli, Malatya, Erzurum, Karaman Maras, Sivas, Ankara, and other provinces. Also spoken in 25 other countries including Armenia, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Belgium, France, Georgia, Germany, Iran, Iraq, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Lebanon, Netherlands, Norway, Sweden.
Alternate names
NORTHERN KURDISH, KERMANJI, KIRMANJI, KIRDASI, KIRMÂNCHA, BÂHDINÂNI
Dialects
GUWII, HAKKÂRI, JEZIRE (BOTAN, BOHTÂNI, BUHTÂNI), URFI, BÂYAZIDI, SURCHI, QOCHÂNI, BIRJANDI, ALBURZ, SANJÂRI, JUDIKÂNI.
Classification
Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Western, Northwestern, Kurdish.
Comments
Differences in speaking among dialects, but all use the same written form. Distinct from Kurdi (Southern Kurdish). Not many are very bilingual in Turkish. Ethnic names also include Doudjik, Kizibakh. Language of wider communication. Grammar. Literacy rate in second language: 28%. Roman script used in Turkey; Arabic script in Syria, Iraq, and Iran; Cyrillic script in former USSR. Armenian script not used now. Mountain slope. Traditionally pastoralists, now agriculturalists. Muslim (Sunni and Alevi), some Yezidi, secular. NT 1872.

Also spoken in:



Armenia
Language name
KURMANJI
Population
58,000 in Armenia, including Yezid (1993 Johnstone), 84% speak it as mother tongue (1979).
Alternate names
NORTHERN KURDISH, KERMANJI, KIRMANJI
Comments
Kurmanji is northern, Kurdi is southern. They are distinct languages. Kurmanji schools, texts. Language of wider communication. Cyrillic script. Newspapers, radio programs. Sunni Muslim, Shi'a Muslim, Christian. NT 1872. See main entry under Turkey.



Azerbaijan
Language name
KURMANJI
Population
20,000 in Azerbaijan (1989 census).
Alternate names
NORTHERN KURDISH, KERMANJI, KIRMANJI, KIRDASI, KIRMÂNCHA
Comments
Muslim. NT 1872. See main entry under Turkey.



Iran
Language name
KURMANJI
Population
200,000 in Iran (1983 estimate).
Alternate names
NORTHERN KURDISH, KERMANJI, KIRMANJI
Comments
Teaching Kurmanji is prohibited in Iranian schools (Time 4/1/91). Roman script used in Turkey; Arabic in Syria, Iran, Iraq; Cyrillic in Russia. Armenian script not used now. Muslim. NT 1872. See main entry under Turkey.



Iraq
Language name
KURMANJI
Alternate names
NORTHERN KURDISH, KERMANJI, KIRMANJI
Dialects
HAKARI, JEZIRE (BOTAN).
Comments
A distinct language from Kurdi (Southern Kurdish). Language of wider communication. Roman script used in Turkey; Arabic script in Syria, Iran, and Iraq; Cyrillic script in former USSR. Armenian script is not used now. Muslim. NT 1872. See main entry under Turkey.



Syria
Language name
KURMANJI
Population
938,000 in Syria (1993), 6.3% of the population.
Alternate names
NORTHERN KURDISH, KERMANJI, KIRMANJI
Comments
Differen from Kurdi (Southern Kurdish). Bilingualism in Arabic. A few urbanites and nomads. Kurmanji is prohibited in Syrian schools (Time 4/1/91). Language of wider communication. Arabic script used in Syria, Iran, and Iraq. Roman or Cyrillic used elsewhere. Mainly agriculturalists. Muslim. NT 1872. See main entry under Turkey.




BAJELAN


Population
20,000 (1976 Sara).
Alternate names
BAJALANI, GURANI, SHABAK, CHICHAMACHU
Classification
Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Western, Northwestern, Zaza-Gorani.
Comments
Closer to Dimli than to Kurdish. Muslim.



HAWRAMI



Population
No estimate available.
Region
Also spoken in Iran.
Alternate names
HAWRAMANI, GURANI, GORANI
Classification
Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Western, Northwestern, Zaza-Gorani.
Comments
Closest to Dimli of Turkey. Both are different from Kurdish languages. Yazdani.

Also spoken in:



Iran
Language name
HAWRAMI
Alternate names
HAWRAMANI, GURANI, GORANI, MÂCHO MÂCHO
Comments
Closest to Dimli of Turkey. Both are different from Kurdish. Yazdani. See main entry under Iraq.




HERKI



Population
No estimate available.
Region
Also spoken in Iran, Turkey (Asia).
Classification
Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Western, Northwestern, Kurdish.
Comments
Considered a dialect of Kurmanji. Muslim.

Also spoken in:



Iran
Language name
HERKI
Comments
Possibly a dialect of Kurmanji. Muslim. See main entry under Iraq.



Turkey (Asia)
Language name
HERKI
Comments
Considered a dialect of Kurmanji. Muslim. See main entry under Iraq.






KURDI



Population
2,785,500 in Iraq, 18% of population including all Kurdish in Iraq, most of whom speak Kurdi (1986). Population total all countries 6,036,000. All Kurd speakers in all countries: 11,000,000 (1999 WA).
Region
In and around Sulamanya. Also spoken in Iran, USA.
Alternate names
KURDY, SOUTHERN KURDISH, SORANI, SURANI
Dialects
ARBILI, KHUSHNAW, PIZHDAR, MUKRI, GARRUSI (BIJBRI), ARDAIÂNI (SANANDAJI), SULAYMÂNI (SULEIMANIYE), WARMÂWA, GARMIYÂNI, KOLYÂ'I, ZANGANA, KIRMÂNSHÂHI.
Classification
Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Western, Northwestern, Kurdish.
Comments
Sorani is mainly in Iraq. Official language. Literacy rate in second language: 27%. Other reports are that many are well educated. Sunni and Shi'a Muslim; Ahl-e-haqq groups in 3 districts in south and southeast Kurdistan, mainly around Kermanshah and Kerkuk; 50,000 Yezidis in northern Iraq near Mosul and in the Sinjar Hills. NT 1994.

Also spoken in:



Iran
Language name
KURDI
Population
3,250,000 in Iran.
Alternate names
KURDY, SOUTHERN KURDISH, SORANI, KORKORA, WÂWÂ
Dialects
KERMANSHAHI, MUKRI, JAFI.
Comments
90% are settled in cities or villages, 10% are nomadic. Jafi may be a separate language. Taught at 2 universities. Language of wider communication. Literacy rate in second language: All people: 1%, boys: 15%. Arabic script used in Iran and Iraq. Muslim (mainly Sunni, some Shi'a), Christian. NT 1994. See main entry under Iraq.




SAHIKAKI


Population
No estimate available.
Region
Also spoken in Iran, Turkey (Asia).
Classification
Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Western, Northwestern, Kurdish.
Comments
Considered a dialect of Kurmanji. Muslim.

Also spoken in:



Iran
Language name
SHIKAKI
Comments
Possibly a dialect of Kurmanji. Muslim. See main entry under Iraq.



Turkey (Asia)
Language name
SHIKAKI
Comments
See main entry under Iraq.






SURCHI


Population
No estimate available.
Classification
Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Western, Northwestern, Kurdish.
Comments
Possibly a dialect of Kurmanji. Also shares features with Kurdi.

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